{"id":2280,"date":"2021-05-10T10:16:26","date_gmt":"2021-05-10T07:16:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ancadanielaraiciu.ro\/w\/?p=2280"},"modified":"2021-07-20T12:46:47","modified_gmt":"2021-07-20T09:46:47","slug":"macul-planta-lunii-mai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ancadanielaraiciu.ro\/w\/macul-planta-lunii-mai\/","title":{"rendered":"MACUL"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/ancadanielaraiciu.ro\/w\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/poppyseed-2557339_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2283\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ancadanielaraiciu.ro\/w\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/poppyseed-2557339_1920.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/ancadanielaraiciu.ro\/w\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/poppyseed-2557339_1920-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ancadanielaraiciu.ro\/w\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/poppyseed-2557339_1920-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/ancadanielaraiciu.ro\/w\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/poppyseed-2557339_1920-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ancadanielaraiciu.ro\/w\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/poppyseed-2557339_1920-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/ancadanielaraiciu.ro\/w\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/poppyseed-2557339_1920-90x60.jpg 90w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/ancadanielaraiciu.ro\/w\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/poppy-834203_1920-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1281\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2284\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ancadanielaraiciu.ro\/w\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/poppy-834203_1920-1.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/ancadanielaraiciu.ro\/w\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/poppy-834203_1920-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ancadanielaraiciu.ro\/w\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/poppy-834203_1920-1-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/ancadanielaraiciu.ro\/w\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/poppy-834203_1920-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ancadanielaraiciu.ro\/w\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/poppy-834203_1920-1-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/ancadanielaraiciu.ro\/w\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/poppy-834203_1920-1-90x60.jpg 90w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>Macul de gr\u0103din\u0103 (Papaver somniferum) se \u00eent\u00e2lne\u0219te \u00een Rom\u00e2nia ca specie cultivat\u0103 sau subspontan\u0103. Este identic cu macul opiaceu. Semin\u021bele sunt utilizate \u00een industria alimentar\u0103.<br \/>\nPapaver Somniferum este o plant\u00e3 face parte din clasa Magnoliopsida,din familia Papaveraceae,o plant\u00e3 cu un rol important \u00een medicin\u00e3,din ea  extr\u00e3g\u00e2ndu-se opiumul \u0219i semin\u0163ele de mac.<br \/>\nSupranumita \u201cmacul care aduce somnul\u201d(din latin\u00e3),Papaver Somniferum reprezint\u00e3 sursa a numeroase narcotice precum:morfina,codeina,papaverina,noscapina,substan\u0163e cu puternice propriet\u00e3\u0163i sedative.<br \/>\nPapaver Somiferum este singura plant\u00e3 cultivat\u00e3 la scar\u00e3 industrial\u00e3,alte specii precum Papaver rhoeas \u0219i Papaver argemone,plante cu intrebuin\u0163are furajer\u00e3, put\u00e2nd fi usor confundate cu aceasta.<br \/>\nMacul  are totodat\u00e3 \u0219i o intrebuintare ornamental\u00e3 ,el fiind cunoscut ca \u201cmacul comun de gr\u00e3din\u00e3\u201d,f\u00e3c\u00e2ndu-se astfel o referire la toate tipurile de maci.<br \/>\nSemin\u0163ele macului Papaver Somniferum sunt folosite \u00een industria alimentar\u00e3,din ele ob\u0163in\u00e2ndu-se un ulei comestibil reprezent\u00e2nd o alternativ\u00e3 la uleiul de floarea-soarelui.<br \/>\nR\u0103d\u0103cina pivotant\u0103 lung\u0103 de 25\u201330 cm (80 cm), groas\u0103 de circa 1\u20132 cm cu ramifica\u021bii secundare pe o raz\u0103 de circa 30\u201350 cm, tulpina erect\u0103 neted\u0103 cilindric\u0103, cerificat\u0103, \u00eenalt\u0103 de circa 150 cm, simpl\u0103 sau pu\u021bin ramificat\u0103. Frunzele sunt \u00eentregi alterne alungit-ovoide, acoperite cu cear\u0103, cu margini neregulate, glabre (lipsite de peri), fa\u021ba superioar\u0103 cu nervur\u0103 proeminent\u0103. Flori sunt mari, solitare 1-10 pe plant\u0103, actinomorfe, violete, albe, roz sau ro\u0219ii. Fructul este o capsul\u0103 ovoid\u0103 sau u\u0219or turtit\u0103, cu stigmat persistent (aspect de rozet\u0103), caliciul este caduc (cade dup\u0103 \u00eenflorire). Toate organele plantei con\u021bin vase laticifere cu latex care are \u00een compozi\u021bie peste 40 de alcaloizi. Cele mai cunoscute varit\u0103\u021bi de Papaver somniferum sunt:var. album cu flori albe, capsule ovoide \u0219i semin\u021be alb g\u0103lbui;var. nigrum cu flori violacee, capsule globuloase \u0219i semin\u021be albastre cenu\u0219ii;var. glabrum cu flori ro\u0219ii purpurii, semin\u021be aproape negre;var. setigerum cu florim violete, semin\u021be p\u0103roase;ssp.somniferum specie numai de cultur\u0103, flori gri albastre.<br \/>\nMacul de gr\u0103din\u0103 este principala surs\u0103 natural\u0103 pentru receptorul \u03bc-opioid, \u0219i a tuturor opioidelor.<br \/>\nOpiul natural este un latex pe care planta \u00eel secret\u0103 c\u00e2nd sunt incizate capsulele verzi. Din opiu sunt extra\u0219i numero\u0219i alcaloizi precum morfin\u0103, tebain\u0103, codein\u0103 \u0219i oripavin\u0103. Morfina este alcaloidul predominant \u00een variet\u0103\u021bile de mac cultivate \u00een majoritatea \u021b\u0103rilor produc\u0103toare.<br \/>\nPapaver Somniferum prezint\u00e3 multe variet\u00e3\u0163i \u0219i subspecii,caracterele lui put\u00e2nd varia \u00een func\u0163ie de num\u00e3rul petalelor,culoare,num\u00e3rul de semin\u0163e,cantitatea de opium produs\u00e3.Exist\u00e3 dou\u00e3 tipuri de maci:Papaver paeniflorum cu flori duble \u0219i Papaver somniferum Laciniatum,ale carui flori duble lobate ii dau aspectul unui pampon.Toate aceste tipurii de maci con\u0163in o cantitate ridicat\u00e3 de morfin\u00e3,\u00een jur de 10%.<br \/>\nOpiumul se g\u00e3se\u0219te \u00een substan\u0163a alb\u00e3 l\u00e3ptoas\u00e3 secretat\u00e3 de planta din tulpina acesteia.Odata ce planta ajunge la maturitate este recoltat\u00e3 \u0219i folosit\u00e3 \u00een scopuri medicinale.<br \/>\nUtilizarea opiumului colectat din maci \u00ee\u0219i are r\u00e3d\u00e3cinile \u00eenc\u00e3 din timpul vechilor sumerieni r\u00e3m\u00e2n\u00e2nd m\u00e3rturie numeroase artefacte.Grecii au denumit substan\u0163a \u201copion\u201d ani mai t\u00e2rziu,denumirea conven\u0163ional\u00e3 de ast\u00e3zi fiind opium.Opiumul a fost folosit pentru ameliorarea astmului,afec\u0163iunilor stomacului \u0219i a celor oftalmologice.<br \/>\nEfectele acestei substan\u0163e asupra corpului uman au fost semnalate de diver\u0219i autori precum L.Frank Baum \u00een \u201cVr\u00e3jitorul din Oz\u201d \u0219i de Thomas Quincey \u00een \u201cConfesiunile unui englez m\u00e2nc\u00e3tor de opium\u201d.<br \/>\nExist\u00e3 \u0163\u00e3ri ce cultiv\u00e3 macul pentru scopuri medicinale precum Australia,Turcia,India,mari produc\u00e3tori de morfin\u00e3 \u0219i codein\u00e3.<br \/>\nMorfina a fost izolat\u00e3 din opium pentru prima oar\u00e3 \u00een anul 1804 de catre Friedrich Sertuner \u0219i reprezint\u00e3 cel mai abundent alcaloid g\u00e3sit \u00een opiumul extras din Papaver Somniferum,este un analgezic folosit pentru ameliorarea durerilor,av\u00e2nd drept \u0163int\u00e3 sistemul nervos central,poate cauza dependen\u0163\u00e3 \u00een r\u00e2ndul pacien\u0163ilor care o folosesc \u00een mod regulat,diminu\u00e2ndu-\u0219i efectul \u00een timp, este un opiaceu utilizat ca analgezic,antitusiv,antihipertensiv,sedativ.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Macul de gr\u0103din\u0103 (Papaver somniferum) se \u00eent\u00e2lne\u0219te \u00een Rom\u00e2nia ca specie cultivat\u0103 sau subspontan\u0103. Este identic cu macul opiaceu. Semin\u021bele sunt utilizate \u00een industria alimentar\u0103. Papaver Somniferum este o plant\u00e3 &hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2281,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[6,26],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ancadanielaraiciu.ro\/w\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2280"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ancadanielaraiciu.ro\/w\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ancadanielaraiciu.ro\/w\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ancadanielaraiciu.ro\/w\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ancadanielaraiciu.ro\/w\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2280"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/ancadanielaraiciu.ro\/w\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2280\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2472,"href":"https:\/\/ancadanielaraiciu.ro\/w\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2280\/revisions\/2472"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ancadanielaraiciu.ro\/w\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2281"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ancadanielaraiciu.ro\/w\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2280"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ancadanielaraiciu.ro\/w\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2280"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ancadanielaraiciu.ro\/w\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2280"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}